Python Data Type : Number

In Python, numbers are a basic data type used for mathematical operations. Python provides several types of numeric data:

Types of Numeric Data

1. Integer (int)

   Represents whole numbers. No limit to the size of an integer (limited by memory).
   Example:

   Copyx = 10 # Positive integer
   y = -5 # Negative integer
   z = 0 # Zero
   

2. Floating Point (float)

   Represents real numbers with decimal points. Includes scientific notation.
   Example:

   Copypi = 3.14 # Floating point
   e = 2.718 # Another floating point
   sci = 1.23e4 # Scientific notation (1.23 × 10⁴)
   small = 1.2e-3 # Scientific notation (1.2 × 10⁻³)
   

3. Complex Numbers (complex)

   Represented as a + bj, where a is the real part, and b is the imaginary part.
   Example:

   Copycomp = 2 + 3j
   print(comp.real) # Output: 2.0 (real part)
   print(comp.imag) # Output: 3.0 (imaginary part)
   

Type Checking

You can check the type of a number using the type() function:

Copyx = 10
y = 3.14
z = 1 + 2j
print(type(x)) # Output: <class 'int'>
print(type(y)) # Output: <class 'float'>
print(type(z)) # Output: <class 'complex'>

Type Conversion

Python allows conversion between numeric types.

• Convert to Integer (int)
• Removes the fractional part (truncation).
  Example:

  Copyprint(int(3.14)) # Output: 3
  print(int(-2.99)) # Output: -2
  

• Convert to Float (float)
• Converts integers or strings to floating-point numbers.
  Example:

  Copyprint(float(5)) # Output: 5.0
  print(float("3.14")) # Output: 3.14
  

• Convert to Complex (complex)
• Converts numbers to complex type.
  Example:

  Copyprint(complex(2)) # Output: (2+0j)
  print(complex(2, 3)) # Output: (2+3j)
  

Mathematical Operations

Python supports standard arithmetic operations: Operator Operation Example Result

Special Functions for Numbers

Python provides several built-in functions for numeric operations:

Copyabs(): Absolute value
print(abs(-5)) # Output: 5
round(): Round a float to a specified number of decimal places
print(round(3.14159, 2)) # Output: 3.14
pow(): Power (equivalent to **)
print(pow(2, 3)) # Output: 8
divmod(): Returns quotient and remainder as a tuple
print(divmod(7, 2)) # Output: (3, 1)

Using the math Module

Python’s math module provides advanced mathematical functions:

Copyimport math
print(math.sqrt(16)) # Output: 4.0 (square root)
print(math.factorial(5)) # Output: 120 (5!)
print(math.sin(math.pi/2)) # Output: 1.0 (sine of 90°)
print(math.log(10, 10)) # Output: 1.0 (logarithm base 10)

Random Numbers

Python’s random module can generate pseudo-random numbers:

Copyimport random
print(random.randint(1, 10)) # Random integer between 1 and 10
print(random.uniform(1.0, 5.0)) # Random float between 1.0 and 5.0
print(random.choice([1, 2, 3])) # Randomly select from a list